References

References

     

    1. Fischer J, Yazdi AS, Biedermann T. Clinical spectrum of α-Gal syndrome: from immediate-type to delayed immediate-type reactions to mammalian innards and meat. Allergo J. 2016;25:55-62.
      https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40629-016-0099-z
    1. van Nunen S. Galactose-Alpha-1,3-Galactose, Mammalian Meat and Anaphylaxis: A World-Wide Phenomenon? Current Treatment Options in Allergy. 2014;1(3):262-277.
      https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-014-0022-0
    1. Wilson JM, Schuyler AJ, Workman L, et al. Investigation into the α-Gal Syndrome: Characteristics of 261 Children and Adults Reporting Red Meat Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(7):2348-2358.e4.
      https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(19)30314-9/abstract
    1. Van Nunen S. Managing mammalian meat allergy and tick anaphylaxis. Med Today.:11.
      https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2022/july/supplements/feature-article/managing-mammalian-meat-allergy-and-tick-anaphylaxis
    1. Grainger S. Mammalian Meat Allergy Webinar. Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia. Published December 12, 2023. Accessed February 25, 2024. https://allergyfacts.org.au/resources/webinars/mammalian-meat-allergy-webinar?apcid=00653096afcbd6403c1f7900&utm_campaign=webinar-oct2023-mma-record&utm_content=webinar-oct2023-mma-record&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ortto&fbclid=IwAR2vWREYn1Zyj-pJ_5_AKYPOckDYLVDAGw8lAuz0kMcn-aQSy0tQ4Bk-el8
    1. Wen S, Unuma K, Chinuki Y, Hikino H, Uemura K. Fatal anaphylaxis due to alpha-gal syndrome after initial cetuximab administration: The first forensic case report. Leg Med . 2021;51:101878.
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1344622321000420

    7. Commins SP, James HR, Kelly LA, et al. The relevance of tick bites to the production of IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(5):1286-1293.e6.
    https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2811%2900344-7/fulltext 

    1. Thompson JM, Carpenter A, Kersh GJ, Wachs T, Commins SP, Salzer JS. Geographic distribution of suspected alpha-gal syndrome cases – United States, January 2017-December 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(30):815-820.
      https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7230a2.htm 

    9. Mysterious meat allergy passed by ticks may affect hundreds of thousands in US, CDC estimates. CNN. Published online July 27, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/27/health/meat-allergy-alpha-gal-cdc/index.html 

    1. Gawel R. Alpha-gal in health products triggers anaphylaxis in half of alpha-gal syndrome patients. Healio. Published June 27, 2023. Accessed March 8, 2024. https://www.healio.com/news/allergy-asthma/20230627/alphagal-in-health-products-triggers-anaphylaxis-in-half-of-alphagal-syndrome-patients
    1. Carpenter A, Drexler NA, McCormick DW, et al. Health care provider knowledge regarding alpha-gal syndrome – United States, march-may 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(30):809-814.
      https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7230a1.htm#:~:text=Alpha%2Dgal%20syndrome%20(AGS),threatening%20and%20can%20include%20anaphylaxis.
    1. Raghavan RK, Peterson AT, Cobos ME, Ganta R, Foley D. Current and Future Distribution of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) in North America. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0209082.
      https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0209082
    1. Commins SP. Diagnosis & management of alpha-gal syndrome: lessons from 2,500 patients. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16(7):667-677.
      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8344025/
    1. Richards N, Keshavarz B, Workman L, Patel J, Platts-Mills T, Wilson J. Prevalence of α-Gal IgE and Mammalian Meat Allergy in a COVID-19 Vaccine Employee Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149(2):AB207.
      https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(21)02503-3/fulltext#relatedArticles

    15. Bianchi J, Walters A, Fitch ZW, Turek JW. Alpha-gal syndrome: Implications for cardiovascular disease. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2020;2019(3). doi:10.21542/gcsp.2019.20
    https://globalcardiologyscienceandpractice.com/index.php/gcsp/article/view/394

    16. More people developing red meat allergy from tick bites. CBS News. Published May 2, 2018. Accessed March 27, 2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/more-people-developing-red-meat-allergy-from-tick-bites/

    17. Pattanaik D, Lieberman P, Lieberman J, Pongdee T, Keene AT. The changing face of anaphylaxis in adults and adolescents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;121(5):594-597.
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1081120618305805

    1. Ailsworth SM, Susi A, Workman LJ, et al. Alpha-gal IgE Prevalence Patterns in the United States: An Investigation of 3000 Military Recruits. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Published online October 31, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2023.10.046
      https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(23)01201-1/abstract
    2. FASTER Act. PLAW-117publ11.pdf. https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ11/PLAW-117publ11.pdf

    20. Dr. Erin McGintee, retrieved Feb 19, 2024
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj96Vvr1WhQ

    1. Alpha-gal Information, Mammalian Byproducts database
      https://alphagalinformation.org/mammalian-byproducts/
    1. Commins SP, Satinover SM, Hosen J, et al. Delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(2):426-433.
      https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(08)01931-3/fulltext
    1. TBDWG reports
      https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/index.html
    1. Tick-borne disease data, Virginia Department of Health, accessed Feb 20, 2024
      https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/ticks/tick-borne-diseases/
    1. Venturini M, Lobera T, Sebastián A, Portillo A, Oteo JA. IgE to α-Gal in Foresters and Forest Workers From La Rioja, North of Spain. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2018;28(2):106-112.
      https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/IgE-to-%CE%B1-Gal-in-Foresters-and-Forest-Workers-From-Venturini-Lobera/e12b2794ec04a9186b9c21a991275ed8da853f3e?p2df
    1. Benders-Guedj M, Köberle M, Hofmann H, Biedermann T, Darsow U. High-risk groups for alpha-gal sensitization. Allergol Select. 2023;7:140-148.
      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10495941/#b17
    1. Villalta D, Pantarotto L, Da Re M. High prevalence of sIgE to Galactose‐α‐1, 3‐galactose in rural pre‐Alps area: a cross‐sectional study. Clinical &. Published online 2016. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cea.12655
    1. Fischer J, Lupberger E, Hebsaker J, et al. Prevalence of type I sensitization to alpha-gal in forest service employees and hunters. Allergy. 2017;72(10):1540-1547.
      https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.13156
    1. Cabezas-Cruz A, de la Fuente J, Fischer J, et al. Prevalence of type I sensitization to alpha-gal in forest service employees and hunters: Is the blood type an overlooked risk factor in epidemiological studies of the α-Gal syndrome? Allergy. 2017;72(12):2044-2047.
      https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/all.13206
    1. Cabezas-Cruz A, Hodžić A, Román-Carrasco P, et al. Environmental and molecular drivers of the α-Gal syndrome. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1210.
      https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01210/full#B23
    1. Why Health Care Is Harder to Access in Rural America; Posted on May 16, 2023; U.S. Government Accountability Office. Accessed Feb 24, 2024.
      https://www.gao.gov/blog/why-health-care-harder-access-rural-america
    1. About Rural Health; CDC; Updated November 28, 2023; Accessed Feb 24, 2024.
      https://www.cdc.gov/ruralhealth/about.html
    1. Rural America at a Glance, 2017 Edition; USDA; 2017; Accessed Feb 24, 2024.
      https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/85740/eib182_brochure%20format.pdf?v=5
    1. Rural Health Information Hub; Accessed Feb 24, 2024.
      https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/states/united-states
    1. Rural Poverty and Well-being; USDA; Accessed Feb 24, 2024.
      https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/rural-poverty-well-being
    1. Paddock CD, Yabsley MJ. Ecological Havoc, the Rise of White-Tailed Deer, and the Emergence of Amblyomma americanum-Associated Zoonoses in the United States. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Published online 2007:289-324.
      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17848069/
    1. Bloemer SR, Zimmerman RH, Fairbanks K (1988) Abundance, attachment sites, and density estimators for lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting white-tailed deer. J Med Entomol 25:295–230
    1. Goddard J, McHugh CP (1990) Impact of severe tick infestation at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas on Volant Scorpion military training. Military Med 155:277–280
      https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-abstract/155/6/277/4847508
    1. Monzón JD, Atkinson EG, Henn BM, Benach JL. Population and Evolutionary Genomics of Amblyomma americanum, an Expanding Arthropod Disease Vector. Genome Biol Evol. 2016;8(5):1351-1360.
      https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-abstract/25/4/295/2220597?redirectedFrom=fulltext 
    1. Molaei, G. et al. “Bracing for the Worst — Range Expansion of the Lone Star Tick in the Northeastern United States.” (2019). N Engl J Med; 381:2189-2192
      https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1911661?fbclid=IwAR1r5qbG3g67yugpnub93XF3yck6mmcJuOvjhsZz2rswyhwRTtGmWl3Ojaw
    1. Raghavan RK, Peterson AT, Cobos ME, Ganta R, Foley D. Current and Future Distribution of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) in North America. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0209082.
      https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0209082
    1. White A, Gaff H. Review: Application of Tick Control Technologies for Blacklegged, Lone Star, and American Dog Ticks. J Integr Pest Manag. 2018;9(1):12.
      https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/9/1/12/4967809
    1. Childs JE, Paddock CD. The ascendancy of Amblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States. Annu Rev Entomol. 2003;48:307-337.
      https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112728
    1. Eisen L, Stafford KC. Barriers to Effective Tick Management and Tick-Bite Prevention in the United States (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 2021;58(4):1588-1600.
      https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/58/4/1588/5830835
    1. Telford SR. Deer Reduction Is a Cornerstone of Integrated Deer Tick Management. J Integr Pest Manag. 2017;8(1):25.
      https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/8/1/25/4210016
    1. McCabe TR, McCabe RE. 1997. Recounting whitetails past. See Ref. 93a, pp. 11–26
    1. Flaherty MG, Threats M, Kaplan SJ. Patients’ Health Information Practices and Perceptions of Provider Knowledge in the Case of the Newly Discovered Alpha-gal Food Allergy. J Patient Exp. 2020;7(1):132-139.
      https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374373518808310
    1. Flaherty MG, Kaplan SJ, Jerath MR. Diagnosis of Life-Threatening Alpha-Gal Food Allergy Appears to Be Patient Driven. J Prim Care Community Health. 2017;8(4):345-348.
      https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2150131917705714
    1. Technologies. Accessed February 25, 2024.
      https://www.revivicor.com/technologies/
    1. AFWA_Deer_Mngmt_Pop_Areas_August_31_2018_version.pdf. https://www.fishwildlife.org/application/files/7315/3745/9637/AFWA_Deer_Mngmt_Pop_Areas_August_31_2018_version.pdf
    1. Mitchell CL, Lin FC, Vaughn M, Apperson CS, Meshnick SR, Commins SP. Association between lone star tick bites and increased alpha-gal sensitization: evidence from a prospective cohort of outdoor workers. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):470.
      https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-020-04343-4
    1. Kersh GJ, Salzer J, Jones ES, et al. Tick bite as a risk factor for alpha-gal–specific immunoglobulin E antibodies and development of alpha-gal syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;130(4):472-478.
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1081120622019639
    1. Tick ID. CDC. Published August 11, 2022. Accessed February 25, 2024.
      https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/tickbornediseases/tickID.html
    1. Hensley JR, Zambrano ML, Williams-Newkirk AJ, Dasch GA. Detection of Rickettsia Species, and Coxiella-Like and Francisella-Like Endosymbionts in Amblyomma americanum and Amblyomma maculatum from a Shared Field Site in Georgia, United States of America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2021;21(7):509-516.
      https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/vbz.2020.2683 
    1. Tickborne Diseases. Ticks. Virginia Department of Health. Published May 3, 2023. Accessed February 25, 2024.
      https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/ticks/tick-borne-diseases/
    1. Vanegas E, Felix M, Farfán Bajaña MJ, et al. An approach to a patient with suspected meat allergy due to underlying alpha-Gal syndrome in a resource-limited setting. JAAD Case Rep. 2022;21:173-175.
      https://www.jaadcasereports.org/article/S2352-5126(22)00068-6/fulltext
    1. Hossny E, Ebisawa M, El-Gamal Y, et al. Challenges of managing food allergy in the developing world. World Allergy Organ J. 2019;12(11):100089.
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1939455119312451
    1. Platts-Mills TAE, Commins SP, Biedermann T, et al. On the cause and consequences of IgE to galactose-α-1,3-galactose: A report from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Workshop on Understanding IgE-Mediated Mammalian Meat Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(4):1061-1071.
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091674920301901
    1. Office of HIV/AIDS, Infectious Disease Policy. Alpha-Gal Syndrome Subcommittee Report to the Tick-Borne Disease Working Group. HHS.gov. Published January 22, 2020. Accessed February 27, 2024.
      https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/alpha-gal-subcomm-2020/index.html

    59. VBD-National-Strategy-508.pdf.
    https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/pdf/VBD-National-Strategy-508.pdf0

    60. Platts-Mills TAE, Li RC, Keshavarz B, Smith AR, Wilson JM. Diagnosis and Management of Patients with the α-Gal Syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(1):15-23.e1.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6980324/

    1. climate-health-outlook-november-2023.pdf.
      https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/climate-health-outlook-november-2023.pdf 
    1. Golden DBK, Wang J, Waserman S, et al. Anaphylaxis: A 2023 practice parameter update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Published online December 17, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2023.09.015
      https://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(23)01304-2/fulltext 
    1. Worm M, Francuzik W, Renaudin JM, et al. Factors increasing the risk for a severe reaction in anaphylaxis: An analysis of data from The European Anaphylaxis Registry. Allergy. 2018;73(6):1322-1330.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/all.13380
    1. Gupta R, Holdford D, Bilaver L, Dyer A, Holl JL, Meltzer D. The economic impact of childhood food allergy in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(11):1026-1031.
      https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/1738764

    1. Richard M. Nowak, Charles G. Macias. Anaphylaxis on the Other Front Line: Perspectives from the Emergency Department. The American Journal of Medicine. Volume 127, Issue 1, Supplement, 2014.
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002934313008358
    1. Childhood Allergies in America. Accessed February 29, 2024.
      https://www.bcbs.com/the-health-of-america/reports/childhood-allergies-america
    1. Patel DA, Holdford DA, Edwards E, Carroll NV. Estimating the economic burden of food-induced allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(1):110-115.e5.
      https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(11)00431-3/fulltext
    1. Wolfe A. How much will that allergic reaction ER visit cost you? 4x more at UMMC than St. Dominic. Clarion-Ledger. Published July 11, 2018. Accessed February 29, 2024. https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/11/how-much-allergic-reaction-er-visit-cost-you/759562002/
    1. Yu JE, Lin RY. The Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018;54(3):366-374.
      https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12016-015-8503-x
    1. Brown SGA, Stone SF, Fatovich DM, et al. Anaphylaxis: clinical patterns, mediator release, and severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1141-1149.e5.
      https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(13)00983-4/fulltext
    1. REPORT OF THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Tick-Borne Disease in Virginia (Chapter 120, 2023)
      https://rga.lis.virginia.gov/Published/2024/HD2/PDF
    1. Hils M, Hoffard N, Iuliano C, et al. IgE and anaphylaxis specific to the carbohydrate alpha-gal depend on IL-4. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Published online December 21, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.003
      https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(23)02453-3/fulltext
    1. Fischer J, Yazdi AS, Biedermann T. Clinical spectrum of α-Gal syndrome: from immediate-type to delayed immediate-type reactions to mammalian innards and meat. Allergo J. 2016;25:55-62.
      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861743/
    1. Venturini Díaz M, Vidal Oribe I, D’Elia Torrence D, Hernández Alfonso P, Alarcón Gallardo E. New Challenges in Drug Allergy: the Resurgence of Excipients. Curr Treat Options Allergy. Published online July 24, 2022:1-19.
      https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40521-022-00313-6.pdf
    1. Kelso JM. Potential food allergens in medications. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(6):1509-1518; quiz 1519-1520.
      https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)00432-1/fulltext
    1. Stone CA Jr, Garvey LH, Nasser S, et al. Identifying and Managing Those at Risk for Vaccine-Related Allergy and Anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(7):2008-2022.
      https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(23)00540-8/abstract
    1. Caballero ML, Quirce S. Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions Caused by Drug Excipients: A Literature Review. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2020;30(2):86-100.
      https://www.jiaci.org/summary/vol30-issue2-num1968
    1. Bruusgaard-Mouritsen MA, Nasser S, Garvey LH, Krantz MS, Stone CA Jr. Anaphylaxis to Excipients in Current Clinical Practice: Evaluation and Management. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2022;42(2):239-267.
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889856121001156?via%3Dihub
    1. Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M, Murphy BA, Satinover SM, Hosen J, Mauro D, Slebos RJ. Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-α-1, 3-galactose. New England journal of medicine. 2008 Mar 13;358(11):1109-17.
    1. Gupta RS, Warren CM, Smith BM, et al. The Public Health Impact of Parent-Reported Childhood Food Allergies in the United States. Pediatrics. 2018;142(6). doi:10.1542/peds.2018-1235
      https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/6/e20181235/76867/The-Public-Health-Impact-of-Parent-Reported
    1. Berg EA, Platts-Mills TA, Commins SP. Drug allergens and food—the cetuximab and galactose-α-1, 3-galactose story. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2014 Feb 1;112(2):97-101.
    2. Mullins RJ, James H, Platts-Mills TA, Commins S. Relationship between red meat allergy and sensitization to gelatin and galactose-α-1, 3-galactose. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2012 May 1;129(5):1334-42. 
    1. Kaman K, Robertson D. ALPHA-GAL ALLERGY; MORE THAN MEAT?. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2018 Nov 1;121(5):S115. 

    84.Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M, Murphy BA, Satinover SM, Hosen J, Mauro D, Slebos RJ. Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-α-1, 3-galactose. New England journal of medicine. 2008 Mar 13;358(11):1109-17. 

    1. Berg EA, Platts-Mills TA, Commins SP. Drug allergens and food—the cetuximab and galactose-α-1, 3-galactose story. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2014 Feb 1;112(2):97-101. 
    1. Dunkman WJ, Rycek W, Manning MW. What does a red meat allergy have to do with anesthesia? Perioperative management of alpha-gal syndrome. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2019 Nov 1;129(5):1242-8. 
    1. Pfützner W, Brockow K. Perioperative drug reactions–practical recommendations for allergy testing and patient management. Allergo journal international. 2018 Jun 1;27(4):126-9. 
    1. Dewachter P, Kopac P, Laguna JJ, Mertes PM, Sabato V, Volcheck GW, Cooke PJ. Anaesthetic management of patients with pre-existing allergic conditions: a narrative review. British journal of anaesthesia. 2019 Jul 1;123(1):e65-81. 
    1. Popescu FD, Cristea OM, IONICĂ FE, Vieru M. DRUG ALLERGIES DUE TO IgE SENSITIZATION TO α-GAL. magnesium. 2018;2017:47-8. 
    1. Swiontek K, Morisset M, Codreanu-Morel F, Fischer J, Mehlich J, Darsow U, Petitpain N, Biedermann T, Ollert M, Eberlein B, Hilger C. Drugs of porcine origin—A risk for patients with α-gal syndrome?. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2019 May 1;7(5):1687-90. 
    1. Vidal C, Mendez-Brea P, Lopez-Freire S, Gonzalez-Vidal T. Vaginal Capsules: An Unsuspected Probable Source of Exposure to α-Gal. Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology. 2016;26(6):388. 
    1. Muglia C, Kar I, Gong M, Hermes-DeSantis ER, Monteleone C. Anaphylaxis to medications containing meat byproducts in an alpha-gal sensitized individual. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice. 2015;3(5):796. 
    1. Akella K, Patel H, Wai J, Roppelt H, Capone D. Alpha Gal-Induced Anaphylaxis to Herpes Zoster Vaccination. Chest. 2017 Oct 1;152(4):A6. 
    2. Bakhtiar MF, Leong KW, Kwok FY, Hui MT, Tang MM, Joseph CT, Bathumana‐Appan PP, Nagum AR, ZHM Y, Murad S. P66: ALLERGIC REACTION TO BOVINE GELATIN COLLOID: THE ROLE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN E TOWARDS GALACTOSE‐ALPHA‐1, 3‐GALACTOSE: IMPLICATIONS BEYOND RED MEAT ALLERGIES. Internal Medicine Journal. 2017 Sep;47:24-. 
    1. Bradfisch F, Pietsch M, Forchhammer S, Strobl S, Stege HM, Pietsch R, Carstens S, Schäkel K, Yazdi A, Saloga J. Case series of anaphylactic reactions after rabies vaccinations with gelatin sensitization. Allergo Journal International. 2019 Jun 1;28(4):103-6. 
    1. Stone CA, Commins SP, Choudhary S, Vethody C, Heavrin JL, Wingerter J, Hemler JA, Babe K, Phillips EJ, Norton AE. Anaphylaxis after vaccination in a pediatric patient: further implicating alpha-gal allergy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2019 Jan 1;7(1):322-4. 
    1. Stone CA, Hemler JA, Commins SP, Schuyler AJ, Phillips EJ, Peebles RS, Fahrenholz JM. Anaphylaxis after zoster vaccine: Implicating alpha-gal allergy as a possible mechanism. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2017 May 1;139(5):1710-3. 
    1. Pattanaik D, Lieberman P, Lieberman J, Pongdee T, Keene AT. The changing face of anaphylaxis in adults and adolescents. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2018 Nov 1;121(5):594-7. 
    1. Ankersmit HJ, Copic D, Simader E. When meat allergy meets cardiac surgery: A driver for humanized bioprosthesis. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2017 Oct 1;154(4):1326-7. 
    1. Hawkins RB, Frischtak HL, Kron IL, Ghanta RK. Premature bioprosthetic aortic valve degeneration associated with allergy to galactose‐alpha‐1, 3‐galactose. Journal of cardiac surgery. 2016 Jul;31(7):446-8. 

    100. Kleiman AM, Littlewood KE, Groves DS. Delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meat following tick exposure and its impact on anesthetic management for cardiac surgery: a case report. A&A Practice. 2017 Apr 1;8(7):175-7.

    1. Mozzicato SM, Tripathi A, Posthumus JB, Platts-Mills TA, Commins SP. Porcine or bovine valve replacement in three patients with IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1, 3-galactose. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice. 2014 Sep;2(5):637.
    1. Mangold A, Szerafin T, Hoetzenecker K, Hacker S, Lichtenauer M, Niederpold T, Nickl S, Dworschak M, Blumer R, Auer J, Ankersmit HJ. Alpha-Gal specific IgG immune response after implantation of bioprostheses. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon. 2009 Jun;57(04):191-5.
    1. Fischer J, Eberlein B, Hilger C, Eyer F, Eyerich S, Ollert M, Biedermann T. Alpha‐gal is a possible target of IgE‐mediated reactivity to antivenom. Allergy. 2017 May;72(5):764-71.
    1. Rizer J, Brill K, Charlton N, King J. Acute hypersensitivity reaction to Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab) as initial presentation of galactose-α-1, 3-galactose (α-gal) allergy. Clinical Toxicology. 2017 Aug 9;55(7):668-9.
    1. Farooque S, Kenny M, Marshall SD. Anaphylaxis to intravenous gelatin‐based solutions: a case series examining clinical features and severity. Anaesthesia. 2019 Feb;74(2):174-9.
    1. Lied GA, Lund KB, Storaas T. Intraoperative anaphylaxis to gelatin-based hemostatic agents: a case report. Journal of asthma and allergy. 2019;12:163.
    1. Ohshita N, Ichimaru Y, Gamoh S, Tsuji K, Kishimoto N, Tsutsumi YM, Momota Y. Management of infusion reactions associated with cetuximab treatment: A case report. Molecular and Clinical Oncology. 2017 Jun 1;6(6):853-5.
    1. Stein D, Schuyler A, Commins S, Behm B, Chitnavis M. P-002 YI First Dose IgE-Mediated Allergy to Infliximab Due to Galactose-α-1, 3-Galactose Allergy. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2016 Mar 1;22:S9-10.
    1. Van Tine BA, Govindarajan R, Attia S, Somaiah N, Barker SS, Shahir A, Barrett E, Lee P, Wacheck V, Ramage SC, Tap WD. Incidence and management of olaratumab infusion-related reactions. Journal of oncology practice. 2019 Nov;15(11):e925-33.
    1. Pointreau Y, Commins SP, Calais G, Watier H, Platts-Mills TA. Fatal infusion reactions to cetuximab: role of immunoglobulin E–mediated anaphylaxis. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2012 Jan 20;30(3):334.
    1. Zurbano-Azqueta L, Antón-Casas E, Duque-Gómez S, Jiménez-Gómez I, Fernández-Pellón L, López-Gutiérrez J. Alpha-gal syndrome. Allergy to red meat and gelatin. Revista Clínica Española (English Edition). 2021 Oct 14.
    1. Christian RA, Stabile KJ, Gupta AK, Leckey Jr BD, Cardona DM, Nowinski RJ, Kelly JD, Toth AP. Histologic Analysis of Porcine Dermal Graft Augmentation in Treatment of Rotator Cuff Tears. The American journal of sports medicine. 2021 Oct 15:03635465211049434.
    1. Kuravi KV, Sorrells LT, Nellis JR, et al. Allergic response to medical products in patients with alpha-gal syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Published online April 9, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.03.100 
    1. Perusko M, Apostolovic D, Kiewiet MB, Grundström J, Hamsten C, Starkhammar M, Cirkovic Velickovic T, van Hage M. Bovine γ‐globulin, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase are relevant bovine milk allergens in patients with α‐Gal syndrome.  Allergy. 2021 May 3.
    1. Ruland KL, Kirzhner M. ENDURAGen graft durability in α-Gal disease. American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports. 2022;27:101637. 
    1. Nourian MM, Stone CA Jr, Siegrist KK, Riess ML. Perioperative implications of patients with alpha gal allergies. J Clin Anesth. 2023;86:111056. 
    1. Hawkins A, Wilson JM, Hawkins RB, Moskaluk C, Li RC, Tracci M. α-Gal as a Cause for Recurrent Femoral Artery Stenosis after Patch Angioplasty with Bovine Pericardium. Annals of Vascular Surgery – Brief Reports and Innovations. Published online May 1, 2023:100192.
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277268782300034X?via%3Dihub
    1. Hawkins RB, Wilson JM, Mehaffey JH, Platts-Mills TAE, Ailawadi G. Safety of Intravenous Heparin for Cardiac Surgery in Patients With Alpha-Gal Syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;111(6):1991-1997. 
      https://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/S0003-4975(20)31619-2/fulltext 
    1. Fischer J, Huynh HN, Hebsaker J, Forchhammer S, Yazdi AS. Prevalence and Impact of Type I Sensitization to Alpha-Gal in Patients Consulting an Allergy Unit. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2020;181(2):119-127. 
      https://karger.com/iaa/article-abstract/181/2/119/168112/Prevalence-and-Impact-of-Type-I-Sensitization-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext 
    1. DailyMed
      https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm
    1. Bosques CJ, Collins BE, Meador JW 3rd, et al. Chinese hamster ovary cells can produce galactose-α-1,3-galactose antigens on proteins. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28(11):1153-1156. https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt1110-1153 
    1. Hatfield G, Tepliakova L, Tran J, Lu H, Gilbert M, Tam RY. Bivalent non-human gal-α1-3-gal glycan epitopes in the Fc region of a monoclonal antibody model can be recognized by anti-Gal-α1-3-Gal IgE antibodies. MAbs. 2023;15(1):2239405.
      https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19420862.2023.2239405 
    1. González Polanco E, Borowitz S. Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction to Infliximab Due to Mammalian Meat Allergy. JPGN Reports. 2023;4(3):e322.
      https://journals.lww.com/jpgnr/Fulltext/2023/08000/Delayed_Hypersensitivity_Reaction_to_Infliximab.4.aspx 
    1. Rathore A, Malani H. Need for a risk-based control strategy for managing glycosylation profile for biosimilar products. Expert Opin Biol Ther. Published online August 25, 2021. doi:10.1080/14712598.2021.1973425
      https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14712598.2021.1973425 
    1. AskAdina Rx drug information search performed by Veronica Lewis, Ask Adina CEO
      https://askadinarx.com/ 
    1. Office of Infectious Disease, HIV/AIDS Policy (OIDP). Changing Dynamics of Tick Ecology, Personal Protection, and Control Subcommittee Report to the Tick-Borne Disease Working Group. HHS.gov. Published July 8, 2022. Accessed March 11, 2024. https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/changing-dynamics-tick-ecology-personal-protection-control-2022/index.html 
    1. Office of the Commissioner. FDA Approves First-of-its-Kind Intentional Genomic Alteration in Line of Domestic Pigs for Both Human Food, Potential Therapeutic Uses. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Published December 14, 2020. Accessed March 12, 2024. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-its-kind-intentional-genomic-alteration-line-domestic-pigs-both-human-food 
    1. Personal communication
    1. Bosques CJ, Collins BE, Meador JW 3rd, et al. Chinese hamster ovary cells can produce galactose-α-1,3-galactose antigens on proteins. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28(11):1153-1156. https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt1110-1153 
    1. Hatfield G, Tepliakova L, Tran J, Lu H, Gilbert M, Tam RY. Bivalent non-human gal-α1-3-gal glycan epitopes in the Fc region of a monoclonal antibody model can be recognized by anti-Gal-α1-3-Gal IgE antibodies. MAbs. 2023;15(1):2239405.
      https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19420862.2023.2239405
    1. González Polanco E, Borowitz S. Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction to Infliximab Due to Mammalian Meat Allergy. JPGN Reports. 2023;4(3):e322.
      https://journals.lww.com/jpgnr/Fulltext/2023/08000/Delayed_Hypersensitivity_Reaction_to_Infliximab.4.aspx
    1. Rathore A, Malani H. Need for a risk-based control strategy for managing glycosylation profile for biosimilar products. Expert Opin Biol Ther. Published online August 25, 2021. doi:10.1080/14712598.2021.1973425
      https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14712598.2021.1973425
    1. AskAdina Rx drug information search performed by Veronica Lewis, Ask Adina CEO
      https://askadinarx.com/
    1. Office of Infectious Disease, HIV/AIDS Policy (OIDP). Changing Dynamics of Tick Ecology, Personal Protection, and Control Subcommittee Report to the Tick-Borne Disease Working Group. HHS.gov. Published July 8, 2022. Accessed March 11, 2024. https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/changing-dynamics-tick-ecology-personal-protection-control-2022/index.html
    1. Office of the Commissioner. FDA Approves First-of-its-Kind Intentional Genomic Alteration in Line of Domestic Pigs for Both Human Food, Potential Therapeutic Uses. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Published December 14, 2020. Accessed March 12, 2024. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-its-kind-intentional-genomic-alteration-line-domestic-pigs-both-human-food
    1. Personal communication
    1. Tick-Borne Disease Working Group 2022 Report to Congress
      https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/tbdwg-2022-report-to-congress.pdf
    1. For Public Health Officials. Published May 17, 2023. Accessed March 13, 2024.
      https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/alpha-gal/for-public-health-officials.html
    1. Office of HIV/AIDS, Infectious Disease Policy. Alpha-Gal Syndrome Subcommittee Report to the Tick-Borne Disease Working Group. HHS.gov. Published January 22, 2020. Accessed February 27, 2024.
      https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/alpha-gal-subcomm-2020/index.html
    1. Wilson JM, Erickson L, Levin M, Ailsworth SM, Commins SP, Platts-Mills TAE. Tick bites, IgE to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose and urticarial or anaphylactic reactions to mammalian meat: The alpha-gal syndrome. Allergy. Published online January 9, 2024. doi:10.1111/all.16003
      https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.16003 
    1. Binder AM, Cherry-Brown D, Biggerstaff BJ, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of patients diagnosed with alpha-gal syndrome – 2010-2019. Allergy. Published online September 30, 2022. doi:10.1111/all.15539
      https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/all.15539
    1. Pattanaik D, Lieberman P, Lieberman J, Pongdee T, Keene AT. The changing face of anaphylaxis in adults and adolescents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;121(5):594-597.
      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30071303/ 
    1. Macdougall JD, Thomas KO, Iweala OI. The meat of the matter: understanding and managing alpha-gal syndrome. ImmunoTargets and Therapy. 2022 Jan 1:37-54.
      https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/ITT.S276872
    1. Tacquard C, Iba T, Levy JH. Perioperative Anaphylaxis. Anesthesiology. Published online November 22, 2022. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004419
      https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/138/1/100/137336/Perioperative-Anaphylaxis 

    137. Wolfe RC, Blunt J. Perioperative Considerations for the Emerging Alpha-gal Allergy. J Perianesth Nurs. 2021;36(4):435-437.
    https://www.jopan.org/article/S1089-9472(21)00123-4/abstract

    1. Zhang L, Gao J, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang T, Zhang J. Current strategies for the development of high-yield HEK293 cell lines. Biochem Eng J. 2024;205:109279.
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1369703X24000664
    2. Hinterholzer A, Moises J, Regl C, et al. Unambiguous identification of α-Gal epitopes in intact monoclonal antibodies by NMR spectroscopy. MAbs. 2022;14(1):2132977.
      https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19420862.2022.2132977
    1. Bartha I, Almulhem N, Santos AF. Feast for Thought: A Comprehensive Review of Food Allergy 2021-2023. J Allergy Clin Immunol. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.918 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674923024144
      1. Vanegas E, Felix M, Farfán Bajaña MJ, et al. An approach to a patient with suspected meat allergy due to underlying alpha-Gal syndrome in a resource-limited setting. JAAD Case Rep. 2022;21:173-175.
        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8888892/
      1. Banner W, Edelen K, Epperson LC, Moore E. Hypersensitivity reactions due to North American pit viper antivenom administration and confirmed elevation of alpha-gal IgE. Toxicology Communications. 2024;8(1):2314314.
        https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24734306.2024.2314314
      2. The “Newest” Tick in (some) Towns. Accessed April 21, 2024.
        https://web.uri.edu/tickencounter/tick-notes/the-newest-tick-in-some-towns/
      3. Perusko M, Grundström J, Eldh M, Hamsten C, Apostolovic D, van Hage M. The α-Gal epitope – the cause of a global allergic disease. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1335911.

      Contact Us

      5614 Connecticut Ave., NW #114
      Washington, DC 20015-2604
      U.S.A

      Info@AlphagalAction.org

      Leave A Message

      12 + 5 =